Endoscopic ultrasonography guided drainage:Summary of consortium meeting,May 21,2012,San Diego,California

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) is the preferred procedure for biliary and pancreatic drainage.While ERCP is successful in about 95% of cases,a small subset of cases are unsuccessful due to altered anatomy,peri-ampullary pathology,or malignant obstruction.Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage is a promising technique for biliary,pancreatic and recently gallbladder decompression,which provides multiple advantages over percutaneous or surgical biliary drainage.Multiple retrospective and some prospective studies have shown endoscopic ultrasoundguided drainage to be safe and effective.Based on the currently reported literature,regardless of the approach,the cumulative success rate is 84%-93% with an overall complication rate of 16%-35%.endoscopic ultrasoundguided drainage seems a viable therapeutic modality for failed conventional drainage when performed by highly skilled advanced endoscopists at tertiary centers with expertise in both echo-endoscopy and therapeutic endoscopy     

Risk factors of biliary intervention by imaging after living donor liver transplantation

AIM:To determine the risk factors of biliary intervention using magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP) after living donor liver transplantation(LDLT).METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 196 patients who underwent right lobe LDLT between 2006 and 2010 at a single liver transplantation center. Direct duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis was performed in all 196 patients. MRCP images routinely taken 1 mo after LDLT were analyzed to identify risk factors for biliary intervention during follow-up, such as retrograde cholangiopancreatography or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Two experienced radiologists evaluated the MRCP findings, including the anastomosis site angle on three-dimensional images, the length of the filling defect on maximum intensity projection, bile duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and leakage.RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients underwent biliary intervention during follow-up. The anastomosis site angle [hazard ratio(HR) = 0.48; 95% confidence interval(CI), 0.30-0.75, P 0.001], a filling defect in the anastomosis site(HR = 2.18, 95%CI: 1.41-3.38,P = 0.001), and biliary leakage(HR = 2.52, 95%CI: 1.02-6.20, P = 0.048) on MRCP were identified in the multivariate analysis as significant risk factors for biliary intervention during follow-up. Moreover, a narrower anastomosis site angle(i.e., below the median angle of 113.3°) was associated with earlier biliary intervention(38.5 ± 4.2 mo vs 62. 1 ± 4.1 mo, P 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis comparing biliary intervention-free survival according to the anastomosis site angle revealed that lower survival was associated with a narrower anastomosis site angle(36.3% vs 62.0%, P 0.001).CONCLUSION: The biliary anastomosis site angle in MRCP after LDLT may be associated with the need for biliary intervention.     

Closed suction drainage for deep neck infections

PurposeThere have been various incision and drainage methods for deep neck infection (DNI). Closed-suction drainage (CSD) has been used to decrease hematoma or to drain pus in other forms of medical surgery. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the usefulness of CSD for DNI.Patients and methodsThis study consisted of 30 patients who underwent CSD after incision and drainage for DNI between January 2006 and December 2011. The patients' demographics, systemic diseases, methods of airway control, involved spaces, incision, CSD results, duration of hospitalization, and complications were investigated.ResultsCSD was used to treat 30 DNI patients. Eleven patients (37%) had underlying systemic diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hepatitis, asthma, etc. Twenty four patients (80%) had odontogenic infections in the mandibular molar region. Tracheostomy was performed in 5 patients (17%). The involved spaces were various from parapharyngeal space to mediastinum (mean: 4.8 spaces), and CSD was applied with drainage lines (mean: 3; 2–7 drains) over the course of 4–37 days (mean 14.6 days). The total amount of drained pus was 8–1344 cc (mean: 406 cc) and the daily amount was 1–61 cc (mean: 28 cc) from each patient. The mean length of hospital stay was 26 days, with a range of 9–83 days. Wound rupture happened in 7% of 56 total incision sites and spontaneous removal of the drain tube occurred in 3% of 91 total tubes. Four patients died because of cardiac arrest, pulmonary edema, and hypoxia. A statistical significance was accepted about total and daily amount of drainage at Pearson's correlation test (p < 0.001).ConclusionAccurate diagnosis, safe airway management, and early surgical drainage were important in DNI treatment. Compared to other drainage systems, CSD is clinically useful for treating DNI due to minimal incision, convenience of post-operative management, and less postoperative complications.     

肝移植术后缺血性胆道病变的介入治疗探讨

目的探讨肝移植术后缺血性胆道病变(ITBL)患者接受介入治疗的安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2014年2月在中山大学附属第三医院介入血管科接受介入治疗的76例肝移植术后ITBL患者的影像及临床资料。按胆道造影表现分为3组:肝门区狭窄组(28例),肝内多发狭窄组(42例),胆汁瘤组(6例)。治疗方式包括单纯经皮经肝胆管引流术(PTBD)、PTBD配合球囊扩张、PTBD配合球囊扩张及胆道内支架术。引流方式包括胆道外引流及胆道内外引流。术后随访并观察疗效及胆道并发症。结果 76例患者的PTBD首次成功率为97%(74/76)。介入治疗的总体治愈率、好转率及无效率分别为21%(16/76)、51%(39/76)、28%(21/76)。其中,肝门区狭窄组治愈10例(36%),好转16例(57%),无效2例(7%),治疗有效22例(93%);多发性狭窄组治愈6例(14%),好转21例(50%),无效15例(36%),治疗有效27例(64%);胆汁瘤组好转2例(2/6),无效4例(4/6)。肝门区狭窄患者的疗效优于多发性狭窄患者(P0.05),多发性狭窄患者的疗效优于胆汁瘤患者(P0.001)。引流管期间主要并发症为胆道感染,其中外引流及内外引流胆道感染发生率分别为20%(13/64)及67%(8/12),比较差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论 PTBD是治疗肝移植术后ITBL的安全、有效手段之一。结合球囊扩张及内支架置入可有效改善患者症状,提高生存质量。采用胆道外引流可显著降低胆道感染发生率。     

负压封闭引流联合开放性植骨术或骨搬移术治疗胫骨创伤性骨髓炎

目的：探讨负压封闭引流（VSD）联合开放性植骨术或骨搬移术治疗胫骨创伤性骨髓炎伴有皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年6月24例胫骨创伤性骨髓炎患者的临床资料,其中男16例,女8例,年龄22～61岁,平均41．5岁。术前行创面细菌培养和药敏试验、X线及三维C T重建检查。清创后胫骨缺损长度为2～9 cm ,平均（5．96±2．14）cm ,创伤面积为3 cm ×3 cm～9 cm ×7 cm ,平均（25．63±17．44）cm2。对5例骨缺损≤4 cm的患者进行清创、VSD、开放性植骨术,对19例骨缺损＞4 cm的患者进行清创、VSD、骨搬移术。结果所有患者随访10～18个月,平均13．3个月。抗生素使用5～14 d ,平均7．9 d ,VSD治疗0～10次,平均2．9次。19例患者骨端自然愈合,愈合时间4～15个月,平均6．4个月,5例患者在骨搬移术后出现骨不连,经骨端嵌顿皮肤及软组织清理、骨髓腔打通、自体髂骨植骨及VSD后达到骨端愈合。2例患者治疗期间出现钉道感染,经抗生素治疗后感染控制,其余患者无感染复发。开放性植骨术或骨搬移术后1、2个月随访显示软组织缺损面积均较清创术后显著改善,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）;根据 Paley 骨折愈合评分标准优19例,良3例,中2例,差0例,总优良率为91．6％。结论 VSD联合开放性植骨术或骨搬移术是治疗胫骨创伤性骨髓炎伴有皮肤软组织缺损的有效方法。     

胆总管探查引流术后T管窦道形成的相关因素分析

目的 通过螺旋CT检查胆总管探查引流术后T管窦道的形成,探讨影响窦道形成的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析2011年5月至2013年12月右江民族医学院附属医院收治的465例行胆总管探查引流术患者的临床资料,术后2周行T管造影检查,判断有无胆道残留结石及狭窄,行螺旋CT检查T管窦道是否形成.选择患者性别、年龄、Alb、C反应蛋白、ALT、TBil、Hb、手术方式、T管周围积液、再次手术、糖尿病11个可能会影响窦道形成的因素进行分析.单因素分析采用x2检验,多因素分析采用Logistic回归.结果 465例患者T管造影均通畅,且无残留结石;CT检查发现397例患者术后2周形成完整窦道,即行T管拔除.对于窦道形成不完整或未形成的患者,术后4周复查CT判断窦道形成后拔除T管.所有患者均无胆汁漏发生,痊愈出院.单因素分析结果显示:Alb、手术方式、T管周围积液、糖尿病是影响T管窦道形成的因素(x2=50.750,7.671,19.022,15.373,P＜0.05);多因素分析结果显示:Alb＜ 30 g/L,腹腔镜手术、T管周围积液、糖尿病是影响T管窦道形成的独立危险因素(OR=1.135,0.493,0.262,0.363;95％CI:1.061 ～1.214,0.280～ 0.865,0.104～0.658,0.156 ～0.843,P＜0.05).结论 胆总管探查引流术后2周可通过CT检查判断T管窦道形成情况而决定是否拔除T管.Alb＜ 30 g/L、腹腔镜手术、T管周围积液、糖尿病是影响T管窦道形成的独立危险因素.     

梗阻性黄疸患者实施经皮经肝胆道引流术后胆道感染的相关因素研究

目的探讨梗阻性黄疸患者接受经皮经肝胆道引流术(PTCD)并发胆道感染的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2012年2月至2014年7月期间在我院接受PTCD的170例梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料,对PTCD术后的影响因素进行统计学分析。结果 170例梗阻性黄疸患者中,35例出现了术后感染,感染率为20.59%。单因素分析发现患者年龄、术前黄疸天数、术前KPS评分、术后每日引流量、术前ALT、ALP、TBIL是术后感染的危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。对上述危险因素进行logistic回归分析发现,术前黄疸时间长、ALP水平过高是PTCD术后感染的危险因素,而术后引流良好是PTCD的保护因素。结论对于要实施PTCD手术的患者,加强术前的评估和术后管理对预防及控制感染有重大意义,早期的实施手术及良好的术后引流有助于降低术后感染,改善患者的预后。     

miRNA在前列腺癌中的研究进展

前列腺癌(PCa)是男性泌尿系最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,微小RNA(miRNA)是一类内源性的非编码小RNA,研究发现miRNA与PCa的发生和发展密切相关,多种miRNA在PCa中表达异常。本文通过描述miRNA在PCa中表达差异及其与预后的相关性,进一步分析miRNA与放化疗、雄激素受体,以及PCa转移的相关性,来阐明miRNA在PCa发生发展中的的作用。